Oct 2nd, Thursday
1. Links for worksheets:
Week 5 shared worksheet: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1H7AssHQmMbzJNxwLjOEzv1ekMvAMCnZR/view?usp=sharing
A1 worksheet #1 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XtlHW4iM_BgGI34zBfCG7efL__-IMfqQ/view?usp=sharing
Week 6 shared worksheet https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hOoLCNzatTvp50gbw40qK7tjyeMc_P4d/view?usp=sharing
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2. Class note:
Singular & Plural Nouns
1) Regular plurals
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Most nouns: add -s
cat → cats, book → books, tree → trees
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Hissing/whistling sounds (end with s, x, z, ch, sh): add -es
bus → buses, box → boxes, quiz → quizzes, church → churches, brush → brushes
Most nouns: add -s
cat → cats, book → books, tree → trees
Hissing/whistling sounds (end with s, x, z, ch, sh): add -es
bus → buses, box → boxes, quiz → quizzes, church → churches, brush → brushes
2) -y → -ies (watch the letter before y)
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Consonant + y → -ies
city → cities, baby → babies, story → stories
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Vowel (a/e/i/o/u) + y → just add -s
boy → boys, key → keys, toy → toys, monkey → monkeys
Consonant + y → -ies
city → cities, baby → babies, story → stories
Vowel (a/e/i/o/u) + y → just add -s
boy → boys, key → keys, toy → toys, monkey → monkeys
3) -f / -fe / -ff (and the “oof” family)
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Many -f / -fe → -ves
leaf → leaves, knife → knives, life → lives, wolf → wolves, shelf → shelves
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Common exceptions (just add -s):
roof → roofs, chief → chiefs, belief → beliefs, cliff → cliffs
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Both forms heard:
scarf → scarfs/scarves, dwarf → dwarfs/dwarves, hoof → hoofs/hooves
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Quick tip: -ff almost always just adds -s (cliff → cliffs, staff → staffs).
Many -f / -fe → -ves
leaf → leaves, knife → knives, life → lives, wolf → wolves, shelf → shelves
Common exceptions (just add -s):
roof → roofs, chief → chiefs, belief → beliefs, cliff → cliffs
Both forms heard:
scarf → scarfs/scarves, dwarf → dwarfs/dwarves, hoof → hoofs/hooves
Quick tip: -ff almost always just adds -s (cliff → cliffs, staff → staffs).
“oof” set (special call-out)
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roof → roofs, proof → proofs, hoof → hoofs/hooves, goof → goofs
roof → roofs, proof → proofs, hoof → hoofs/hooves, goof → goofs
4) Irregular plurals (learn these by heart)
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Change vowel/sound:
man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, goose → geese, mouse → mice, louse → lice
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Different ending:
child → children, person → people, ox → oxen
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No change:
sheep → sheep, deer → deer, moose → moose, fish → fish
Don’t overgeneralize: house → houses (not hice), blouse → blouses (not blice), goose → geese (not gooses), child → children (not childs).
Change vowel/sound:
man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, goose → geese, mouse → mice, louse → lice
Different ending:
child → children, person → people, ox → oxen
No change:
sheep → sheep, deer → deer, moose → moose, fish → fish
Don’t overgeneralize: house → houses (not hice), blouse → blouses (not blice), goose → geese (not gooses), child → children (not childs).
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What is a noun?
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: teacher, city, pencil, happiness
1) Common Nouns
General names. Do not capitalize (unless at the start of a sentence).
people/animals: girl, teacher, doctor, dog, cat
places: city, school, park, country
things/ideas: pencil, book, river, month, game, love
2) Proper Nouns
Specific names. Always capitalize the first letter of each name.
people: Ms. Chen, Harry Potter, Taylor Swift
places: Taipei, Taiwan, Asia, Riverside Park, Taipei 101
things (titles/brands): Friday, January, English, LEGO, iPad, The Lion King
holidays/events: Halloween, Christmas, Chinese New Year, World Cup
Tricky but important
Days & months: capitalize (Monday, October).
Seasons: do not capitalize (spring, summer, fall, winter)—unless part of a title (Winter Festival).
Languages & nationalities: capitalize (English, Japanese, Taiwanese).
School subjects: lowercase (math, science), but capitalize languages and course names (English, Science 3).
Titles: capitalize when before a name (Principal Lee), not after (Lee is the principal).
Family words: capitalize when used as a name (I asked Mom), not with a possessive (my mom).
Places with “Street/River/Lake/Mountain”: capitalize when part of the name (Yellow River, Main Street).
Brands vs. things: Coca-Cola (brand) vs. soda (thing).
Days & months: capitalize (Monday, October).
Seasons: do not capitalize (spring, summer, fall, winter)—unless part of a title (Winter Festival).
Languages & nationalities: capitalize (English, Japanese, Taiwanese).
School subjects: lowercase (math, science), but capitalize languages and course names (English, Science 3).
Titles: capitalize when before a name (Principal Lee), not after (Lee is the principal).
Family words: capitalize when used as a name (I asked Mom), not with a possessive (my mom).
Places with “Street/River/Lake/Mountain”: capitalize when part of the name (Yellow River, Main Street).
Brands vs. things: Coca-Cola (brand) vs. soda (thing).
Examples
Common → Proper
city → Taipei; river → Nile River; teacher → Mr. Brown, Mrs. Chen, Tr. Maggie; holiday → Halloween
In sentences
We went to the park. (common)
We went to Riverside Park. (proper)
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Common → Proper
city → Taipei; river → Nile River; teacher → Mr. Brown, Mrs. Chen, Tr. Maggie; holiday → Halloween
In sentences
We went to the park. (common)
We went to Riverside Park. (proper)
What is an adverb?
An adverb tells how, where, when, how often, or how much.
It can describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
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She runs quickly. (verb)
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It is very cold. (adjective)
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He speaks quite slowly. (adverb)
1) good vs. well
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good = adjective (describes nouns; also after be/feel)
The pizza is good. She feels good today.
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well = adverb (describes actions)
He sings well. She draws well.
Note: well can also mean “healthy.” She is well today.
good = adjective (describes nouns; also after be/feel)
The pizza is good. She feels good today.
well = adverb (describes actions)
He sings well. She draws well.
Note: well can also mean “healthy.” She is well today.
Common mistakes
✗ He plays good. → ✓ He plays well.
✓ I am good / I am well (for health, prefer well)
2) Adverbs of Time & Place
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Time (when): now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, soon, later, this morning
We will start soon. Yesterday, we studied at home.
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Place (where): here, there, inside, outside, upstairs, at school, in the park
Put your bag here. They are outside.
Time (when): now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, soon, later, this morning
We will start soon. Yesterday, we studied at home.
Place (where): here, there, inside, outside, upstairs, at school, in the park
Put your bag here. They are outside.
Word order tip
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Usual order: Subject + Verb + Place + Time
She plays soccer at school on Fridays. -
If time comes first, add a comma:
Today, we have a test.
3) Manner Adverbs with -ly (how)
How something is done.
Spelling rules
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Adjective + -ly: quick → quickly, quiet → quietly, careful → carefully
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Consonant + y → -ily: happy → happily, noisy → noisily
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-le → -ly (drop e, add y): simple → simply, gentle → gently
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-ic → -ically: basic → basically, magic → magically
Useful exceptions
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good → well (not goodly)
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fast / hard / early / late: same form as adjective
He runs fast. She works hard. -
friendly / lovely are adjectives only → use “in a … way”
She speaks in a friendly way.
Examples
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Ben writes carefully in class today. (Manner–Place–Time)
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The puppy is here now. (Place + Time)
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Our teacher explains well.
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Tina sings beautifully on stage tonight.
What is a preposition?
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word (place, time, or direction).
The cat is under the table. We meet at 7:30. She walks to school.
1) Place (Where?)
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in: in the box, in the classroom, in Taipei
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on: on the table, on the wall, on the bus
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at: at home, at school, at the bus stop
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under / over: under the chair; a bridge over the river
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next to / beside: next to the door
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between: between two trees
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behind / in front of: behind the house; in front of the shop
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above / below: above the picture; below the picture
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near / far from: near the park; far from the city
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across from / opposite: across from the library
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inside / outside: inside the box; outside the room
in: in the box, in the classroom, in Taipei
on: on the table, on the wall, on the bus
at: at home, at school, at the bus stop
under / over: under the chair; a bridge over the river
next to / beside: next to the door
between: between two trees
behind / in front of: behind the house; in front of the shop
above / below: above the picture; below the picture
near / far from: near the park; far from the city
across from / opposite: across from the library
inside / outside: inside the box; outside the room
Place tip:
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in + city/country/building (in Taipei, in Taiwan, in the library)
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at + point/place/event (at home, at the station, at a party)
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on + surface/transport (on the desk, on the bus/train/plane; in a car)
2) Time (When?)
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in: in the morning/afternoon/evening; in July; in 2025
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on: on Monday; on October 2; on my birthday
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at: at 7:30; at noon; at night
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before / after: before lunch; after class
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during: during the lesson
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for (length): for two hours / for three days
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since (start time): since 8 a.m.; since 2020
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until (till): until 5 o’clock
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by (deadline): by Friday
at Christmas; on Christmas Day;
go on a trip but during a vacation
in: in the morning/afternoon/evening; in July; in 2025
on: on Monday; on October 2; on my birthday
at: at 7:30; at noon; at night
before / after: before lunch; after class
during: during the lesson
for (length): for two hours / for three days
since (start time): since 8 a.m.; since 2020
until (till): until 5 o’clock
by (deadline): by Friday
at Christmas; on Christmas Day;
go on a trip but during a vacation
Time tip (order): Subject + Verb + Place + Time
She studies in the library after school.
If time comes first, add a comma: Today, we have a quiz.
3) Movement / Direction (Where to? How?)
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to / from: go to school; come from home
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into / out of: go into the room; run out of the store
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onto / off: climb onto the stage; jump off the bench
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across / through: walk across the road; run through the park
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along / past: walk along the river; walk past the shop
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up / down: go up the stairs; go down the hill
to / from: go to school; come from home
into / out of: go into the room; run out of the store
onto / off: climb onto the stage; jump off the bench
across / through: walk across the road; run through the park
along / past: walk along the river; walk past the shop
up / down: go up the stairs; go down the hill
4) Useful verb + preposition pairs
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wait for, listen to, look at, look for, look after
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talk about, think about, depend on, agree with
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good at, interested in, afraid of, late for
wait for, listen to, look at, look for, look after
talk about, think about, depend on, agree with
good at, interested in, afraid of, late for
5) Common mistakes (quick fixes)
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Live in a city/country: We live in Taipei (not at Taipei).
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At home (no article) but in the house (with the).
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In the morning/afternoon/evening, but at night.
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On Monday/Tuesday (not in Monday).
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On the bus/train/plane; in a car/taxi.
I have rice for lunch. I have lunch at noon.
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Live in a city/country: We live in Taipei (not at Taipei).
At home (no article) but in the house (with the).
In the morning/afternoon/evening, but at night.
On Monday/Tuesday (not in Monday).
On the bus/train/plane; in a car/taxi.
I have rice for lunch. I have lunch at noon.
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